APK2105C Exam 1: What You Need to Know
If you are taking APK2105C, Applied Human Physiology with Lab, at the University of Florida, you might be wondering what to expect from the first exam. This article will give you an overview of the course, the topics covered in Exam 1, and some tips for studying and taking the test. By the end of this article, you will have a better idea of how to prepare for this challenging but rewarding course.
Introduction
What is APK2105C?
APK2105C is a four-credit course that introduces students to the principles and concepts of human physiology. Physiology is the study of how the body functions, from the molecular level to the organ system level. The course covers various topics such as cell structure and function, membrane transport, neural and muscular physiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, acid-base balance, digestive physiology, endocrine physiology, and reproductive physiology. The course also includes a lab component that allows students to perform experiments and measurements related to human physiology.
apk2105c exam 1
What topics are covered in Exam 1?
The first exam of APK2105C covers the following topics:
Anatomy and Physiology Basics
Cell Structure and Function
The exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions that test your knowledge and understanding of these topics. The exam is worth 100 points and counts for 20% of your final grade. You will have 50 minutes to complete the exam.
Anatomy and Physiology Basics
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
One of the fundamental concepts in anatomy and physiology is the hierarchy of structural organization. This refers to how the body is organized from the simplest level to the most complex level. The levels are as follows:
Chemical level: This includes atoms (the smallest units of matter) and molecules (combinations of atoms) that make up the body.
Cellular level: This includes cells (the smallest living units of the body) and organelles (structures within cells that perform specific functions).
Tissue level: This includes tissues (groups of similar cells that work together to perform a common function). There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Organ level: This includes organs (structures composed of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific shape and function).
Organ system level: This includes organ systems (groups of organs that work together to perform a coordinated function). There are 11 major organ systems in the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
Organismal level: This includes the organism (the living individual that consists of all the organ systems).
Types and Functions of Tissues
As mentioned above, tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. There are four basic types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Each type has its own characteristics and functions.
TypeCharacteristicsFunctions
Epithelial-Cells are tightly packed together and form sheet-like layers-Attached to a basement membrane-Forms boundaries between different environments-Simple or stratified-Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar-May have cilia or microvilli-Protection-Absorption-Filtration-Secretion-Excretion-Sensory reception
Connective-Cells are widely spaced and embedded in a matrix (non-living material)-Matrix may be fluid, gel-like, or solid-Matrix may contain fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular)-Most abundant and diverse tissue type-Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, or lymph-Binding and support-Protection-Insulation-Transportation-Storage
Muscle-Cells are elongated and contractile-Contain actin and myosin filaments-Skeletal, cardiac, or smooth-Movement-Posture-Heat production
Nervous-Cells are specialized for communication and control-Neurons (transmit electrical signals)-Neuroglia (support and protect neurons)-Sensory input-Integration-Motor output
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Another important concept in physiology is homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. Homeostasis is essential for the survival and function of cells and organs.
Homeostasis is maintained by feedback mechanisms that involve three components: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. A receptor is a sensor that detects a stimulus (a change in a variable). A control center is a structure that receives the input from the receptor and determines the appropriate response. An effector is a structure that carries out the response to restore the variable to its normal range.
There are two types of feedback mechanisms: negative feedback and positive feedback. Negative feedback is the most common type of feedback mechanism. It works to oppose or reduce the stimulus and bring the variable back to its normal range. For example, when the body temperature rises above the normal range, receptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the change and send signals to the control center (the hypothalamus). The hypothalamus then activates effectors (sweat glands and blood vessels) that cause sweating and vasodilation to lower the body temperature. Negative feedback mechanisms are responsible for maintaining most of the homeostatic variables in the body.
Positive feedback is a less common type of feedback mechanism. It works to enhance or amplify the stimulus and bring the variable further away from its normal range. Positive feedback mechanisms usually have a definite endpoint or goal. For example, during childbirth, receptors in the cervix detect the stretching of the uterine wall and send signals to the control center (the pituitary gland). The pituitary gland then releases oxytocin, a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions. The contractions cause more stretching of the cervix, which triggers more oxytocin release, which causes more contractions. This positive feedback loop continues until the baby is delivered.
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Cell Structure and Function
Components of a Cell
A cell is the smallest living unit of the body. It consists of three main components: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
The plasma membrane is a thin layer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cell. It acts as a selective barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also contains receptors that bind to specific molecules and initiate cellular responses.
The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled space inside the cell that contains various organelles and inclusions. Organelles are structures that perform specific functions for the cell. Some examples of organelles are mitochondria (produce energy), ribosomes (synthesize proteins), endoplasmic reticulum (modify and transport proteins), Golgi apparatus (package and secrete proteins), lysosomes (digest materials), peroxisomes (detoxify substances), cytoskeleton (maintain shape and movement), centrioles (organize cell division), cilia (move fluids across cell surface), and flagella (propel sperm cells). Inclusions are non-living materials that are stored or accumulated in the cell. Some examples of inclusions are glycogen (stored carbohydrate), lipids (stored fats), melanin (pigment), and crystals.
The nucleus is a large structure that contains the genetic material of the cell. It consists of a nuclear envelope (a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm), nucleoli (dense regions that produce ribosomes), and chromatin (a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes during cell division).
Membrane Transport Processes
The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. There are two main types of membrane transport processes: passive and active. Passive processes do not require energy from the cell, while active processes do require energy from the cell.
Passive processes include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules that cannot cross the membrane by themselves with the help of carrier proteins or channel proteins. Filtration is the movement of fluid and solutes across a membrane due to a pressure gradient.
Active processes include active transport, vesicular transport, and endocytosis and exocytosis. Active transport is the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins that use energy from ATP. Vesicular transport is the movement of large molecules or particles in or out of the cell by means of vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs). Endocytosis is the process of bringing materials into the cell by invaginating the plasma membrane and forming a vesicle. Exocytosis is the process of releasing materials from the cell by fusing a vesicle with the plasma membrane and expelling its contents.
Cell Communication and Signaling
Cells communicate with each other and their environment by using chemical signals. These signals can be classified into four categories based on their distance and target: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic.
Autocrine signals are produced and received by the same cell or cell type. They act as self-regulators or feedback mechanisms. For example, some immune cells secrete cytokines that stimulate their own proliferation.
Paracrine signals are produced by one cell or cell type and affect nearby cells or cell types. They act as local mediators or modulators. For example, histamine released by mast cells causes inflammation and vasodilation in nearby blood vessels.
Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine glands or cells and travel through the bloodstream to reach distant target cells or organs. They act as hormones or regulators. For example, insulin secreted by the pancreas lowers blood glucose levels in various tissues.
Synaptic signals are produced by neurons and travel across synaptic clefts to reach adjacent neurons or effector cells. They act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. For example, acetylcholine released by motor neurons stimulates muscle contraction.
Cells respond to chemical signals by using receptors that bind to specific molecules and initiate cellular responses. Receptors can be classified into two types based on their location: membrane receptors and intracellular receptors.
Membrane receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane and bind to signals that cannot cross the membrane, such as water-soluble molecules or large molecules. They act as transducers that convert extracellular signals into intracellular signals. They can be classified into three types based on their mechanism: ion channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and G protein-coupled receptors.
Intracellular receptors are located inside the cell, either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, and bind to signals that can cross the membrane, such as lipid-soluble molecules or small molecules. They act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression. They can be classified into two types based on their location: cytoplasmic receptors and nuclear receptors.
Conclusion
Summary of Key Points
In this article, we have covered some of the topics that you need to know for Exam 1 of APK2105C, Applied Human Physiology with Lab. We have discussed:
The hierarchy of structural organization in the human body
The types and functions of tissues
The concept of homeostasis and feedback mechanisms
The components of a cell
The membrane transport processes
The cell communication and signaling
Tips for Studying and Taking the Exam
To prepare for Exam 1, you should review your lecture notes, textbook chapters, lab manuals, quizzes, and practice questions. You should also:
Understand the concepts and principles, not just memorize the facts and terms
Make connections between different topics and levels of organization
Use diagrams, tables, charts, and mnemonics to visualize and organize the information
Test yourself with flashcards, quizzes, or practice exams
Study in groups or with a tutor if possible
Review the material regularly and avoid cramming
To take the exam, you should:
Read the questions carefully and look for keywords or clues
Eliminate the wrong or unlikely answers first
Use logic and reasoning to infer the best answer
Check your answers and make sure they are consistent and complete
Manage your time and pace yourself
Stay calm and confident
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about Exam 1 of APK2105C:
What is the format of the exam?
The exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions that test your knowledge and understanding of anatomy and physiology basics and cell structure and function. The exam is worth 100 points and counts for 20% of your final grade. You will have 50 minutes to complete the exam.
What materials do I need to bring to the exam?
You need to bring a pencil, an eraser, a scantron sheet, and your UF ID card. You are not allowed to use any notes, books, calculators, or electronic devices during the exam.
How can I access my exam score and feedback?
You can access your exam score and feedback through Canvas after the exam is graded. You will be able to see your score, the correct answers, and the explanations for each question. You can also review your exam with your instructor or TA during office hours or by appointment.
What if I miss the exam or need to reschedule it?
If you miss the exam or need to reschedule it due to a valid reason (such as illness, emergency, or conflict), you must contact your instructor as soon as possible and provide documentation of your situation. You may be allowed to take a makeup exam at a later date, depending on your instructor's discretion and availability.
How can I improve my performance on the next exams?
If you want to improve your performance on the next exams, you should review your strengths and weaknesses from Exam 1 and identify the areas that you need to work on. You should also follow the tips for studying and taking the exam that we have discussed in this article. You can also seek help from your instructor, TA, tutor, or classmates if you have any questions or difficulties.
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